Akvira

Sigmund Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory of development is one of the most famous, foundational, and controversial frameworks in the history of psychology. Proposed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, this psychoanalytic theory suggests that human personality is largely established by the age of five. Freud believed that early childhood experiences play a critical role in shaping adult motives, personality traits, and psychological well-being. At the core of this theory is the idea that human beings are driven by a fundamental, biological psychic energy called libido . According to Freud, this libidinal energy fuels human behavior and is focused on different erogenous zones (areas of the body particularly sensitive to pleasure) at specific stages of childhood. How a child navigates the conflicts at each of these stages determines their future psychological health and personality structure. Foundational Concepts To understand t...

Jean Piaget: The Father of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget (1896–1980) was a pioneering Swiss psychologist and epistemologist whose work revolutionized our understanding of child development. Unlike previous theorists who viewed children as "miniature adults" or passive learners, Piaget proposed that children actively construct their understanding of the world through experience and interaction. Early Life and Career Born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland, Piaget was a child prodigy who published his first scientific paper on mollusks at age 11. He earned a doctorate in zoology but eventually shifted his focus to psychology and epistemology (the study of knowledge). While working in Paris with Alfred Binet, the creator of intelligence testing, Piaget made a crucial observation: children of different ages consistently made similar types of errors on IQ tests. This realization drove him to study how children's thinking processes evolve over time. He later directed research at the...

INTRODUCTION The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is a pivotal policy document initiated by the Government of India to transform and reform the nation's educational framework. Teacher education is a pivotal component among its numerous provisions, as proficient educators are essential for delivering quality education. The NEP 2020 seeks to reform teacher education to cultivate proficient, holistic, and driven educators capable of addressing the needs of 21st-century learners. This essay rigorously analyses the advantages and disadvantages of teacher education reforms under NEP 2020, emphasising its merits, shortcomings, and potential ramifications for the future of Indian education. MERITS •   Introduction of Integrated B.Ed. Programs The introduction of a four-year Integrated B.Ed. program by 2030 is one of the most significant reforms. This program will integrate subject expertise with pedagogical strategies, ensuring that educators are not only knowledgeable in their cont...