Akvira

Introduction The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is a pivotal policy document initiated by the Government of India to transform and reform the nation's educational framework. Teacher education is a pivotal component among its numerous provisions, as proficient educators are essential for delivering quality education. The NEP 2020 seeks to reform teacher education to cultivate proficient, holistic, and driven educators capable of addressing the needs of 21st-century learners. This essay rigorously analyses the advantages and disadvantages of teacher education reforms under NEP 2020, emphasising its merits, shortcomings, and potential ramifications for the future of Indian education. Merits: •   Introduction of Integrated B.Ed. Programs The introduction of a four-year Integrated B.Ed. program by 2030 is one of the most significant reforms. This program will integrate subject expertise with pedagogical strategies, ensuring that educators are not only knowledgeable in their con...

Types of Research Survey Research Survey Research : Non-experimental method to collect data via questions. Steps : Define problem. Select population/sample. Choose data tools. Collect & analyze data. Tools : Questionnaires, interviews, checklists. Types : Descriptive Analytical Cross-sectional Longitudinal Questions : Structured: fixed answers. Unstructured: open-ended. Precautions : Avoid bias, ensure clarity, logical order. Advantages : Cost-effective, wide reach, data-rich. Disadvantages : Response bias, limited depth. Issues : Sampling errors, misinterpretation, non-response.

National Curriculum Framework for School Education (NCFSE) 2023 Salient Features: • 5+3+3+4 Curricular Structure: Adopts the NEP 2020's structure, dividing education into four stages: Foundational (ages 3-8), Preparatory (8-11), Middle (11-14), and Secondary (14-18) to align with children's developmental needs. • Holistic Development Focus: Emphasizes cognitive, emotional, social, and physical growth, moving beyond rote memorization to foster critical thinking, creativity, and life skills. • Competency-Based Learning: Shifts from content-heavy curricula to competency-based education, promoting deeper understanding and application of knowledge. • Flexible and Multidisciplinary Curriculum: Encourages integration across subjects, allowing students to explore arts, sciences, and vocational studies without rigid boundaries. • Multilingualism and Indian Languages: Promotes the use of Indian languages as mediums of instruction up to Grade 12 and mandates the study of at least two ...

Code No.: 04 Subject: PSYCHOLOGY 1. Emergence of Psychology Psychological thought in some major Eastern Systems: Bhagavad Gita, Buddhism, Sufism and Integral Yoga. Academic psychology in India: Pre- independence era; post-independence era; 1970s: The move to addressing social issues; 1980s: Indigenization; 1990s: Paradigmatic concerns, disciplinary identity crisis; 2000s: Emergence of Indian psychology in academia. Issues: The colonial encounter; Post colonialism and psychology; Lack of distinct disciplinary identity. Western: Greek heritage, medieval period and modern period. Structuralism, Functionalism, Psychoanalytical, Gestalt, Behaviorism, Humanistic- Existential, Transpersonal, Cognitive revolution, Multiculturalism. Four founding paths of academic psychology - Wundt, Freud, James, Dilthey. Issues: Crisis in psychology due to strict adherence to experimental- analytical paradigm (logical empiricism). Indic influences on modern psychology. Essential aspects of knowledge para...

Branches of Psychology Various fields of specialization in psychology: Cognitive Psychology • Investigates mental processes involved in acquisition, storage, manipulation, and transformation of information received from the environment along with its use and communication. • The major cognitive processes are attention, perception, memory, reasoning, problem solving, decision-making and language. • In order to study these cognitive processes, psychologists conduct experiments in laboratory settings. • Some of them also follow an ecological approach, i.e. an approach which focuses on the environmental factors, to study cognitive processes in a natural setting. Cognitive psychologists often collaborate with neuroscientists and computer scientists. Biological Psychology • Focuses on the relationship between behavior and the physical system, including the brain and the rest of the nervous system, the immune system, and genetics. • Biological psychologists often collaborate with neuroscienti...

Introduction: The Earth crust is dynamic. The earth surface is being continuously subjected to external forces (exogenic ) induced basically by energy (sunlight) and internal forces (endogenic) are active though with different intensities Some changes are fast and some are slow. Earthquakes and volcanoes are endogenic forces which cause sudden changes on the earth. Weathering and agents of sculpture are exogenic forces which bring about slow changes. Exogenic as well as endogenic processes are constantly shaping the landscape. Volcanic eruption and volcanic features are an important source of obtaining direct information of earth. Volcano The molten material coming out from inside the earth through a pipe or vent and accumulating around the pipe in the form of a mound is called a volcano. All volcanoes result from magma, molten material below the earth’s surface, which is brought to the surface as lava or volcanic fragments. Volcanoes show considerable variation in size, shape and the...