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Reliability and Validity

Introduction: Reliability and Validity Reliability and validity are both critical ideas in research and measurement, however they pertain to distinct dimensions of a measure's quality. Reliability: Reliability denotes the consistency and stability of a measuring device. An accurate measure produces consistent findings when applied repeatedly under comparable settings. It is essential to guarantee that the acquired data is reliable and devoid of random mistakes. Standard techniques for evaluating dependability encompass test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, and internal consistency. Definition: Reliability denotes the constancy or stability of a measurement throughout time. An accurate metric will produce the same outcomes under uniform conditions. Types of Reliability: Test-Retest Reliability Reliability: The uniformity of outcomes when the identical assessment is conducted at various intervals. Inter-Rater Reliability: The degree of consistency in outcomes when many ...

राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति (NEP) 2020 के मुख्य बिंदु

 यहाँ राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति (NEP) 2020 के मुख्य बिंदु हिंदी में दिए गए हैं: 1. स्कूल शिक्षा मूल साक्षरता और संख्यात्मकता: प्रारंभिक कक्षाओं (कक्षा 3) में साक्षरता और संख्यात्मकता कौशल पर जोर। 5+3+3+4 संरचना: 10+2 प्रणाली की जगह नई पाठ्यक्रम संरचना की शुरुआत। आधारभूत चरण: 5 वर्ष (उम्र 3-8) तैयारी चरण: 3 वर्ष (उम्र 8-11) मध्य चरण: 3 वर्ष (उम्र 11-14) माध्यमिक चरण: 4 वर्ष (उम्र 14-18) व्यावसायिक शिक्षा: कक्षा 6 से ही व्यावसायिक प्रशिक्षण पर जोर। मातृभाषा: कम से कम कक्षा 5 तक शिक्षा का माध्यम मातृभाषा या क्षेत्रीय भाषा में होगा। कोई कठोर धाराएँ नहीं: छात्रों को विभिन्न विषयों (कला, विज्ञान, खेल आदि) में से अपनी पसंद के विषय चुनने की स्वतंत्रता। मूल्यांकन में सुधार: रटने के बजाय योग्यता आधारित मूल्यांकन और समग्र प्रगति पर नज़र। 2. उच्च शिक्षा बहु-विषयक दृष्टिकोण: बहु-विषयक और समग्र शिक्षा पर जोर, जिसमें विषयों के संयोजन में लचीलापन होगा। स्नातक डिग्री में लचीलापन: 3 या 4-वर्षीय स्नातक डिग्री के विकल्प, जिसमें प्रवेश और निकास के लिए कई चरण होंगे। क्रेडिट बैंक प्रणाली: क्रेडिट...

Salient Features of National Education Policy (NEP) 2020

1. School Education Foundational Literacy & Numeracy: Focus on literacy and numeracy skills in early grades (Grade 3). 5 + 3 + 3 + 4 Structure: Introduction of a new curriculum structure to replace the 10 + 2 system. Foundational Stage: 5 years (ages 3-8 years) Preparatory Stage: 3 years (ages 8-11 years ) Middle Stage: 3 years (ages 11-14 years ) Secondary Stage: 4 years (ages 14-18years) Vocational Education: Emphasis on vocational training from Grade 6 onwards. Mother Tongue: The medium of instruction up to at least Grade 5 to be in the mother tongue or regional language. No Rigid Streams: Flexibility for students to choose subjects across disciplines (arts, science, sports, etc.). Assessment Reform: Shift from rote learning to competency-based assessments and holistic progress tracking. 2. Higher Education Multidisciplinary Approach: Focus on multidisciplinary and holistic education with flexibility in subject combinations. Undergraduate Degree Flexibility: 3 or 4 ye...